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Old June 22nd, 2021 #1
David Stewart
Junior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2021
Posts: 48
Default Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease, An Ethnic Trait Often Mostly Africans Are Born With, Often Too Expensive And Risky To Treat Medically

What is Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease?
"Sickle cell trait is an inherited blood disorder that affects 1 million to 3 million Americans and 8 to 10 percent of African Americans. Sickle cell trait can also affect Hispanics, South Asians, Caucasians from southern Europe, and people from Middle Eastern countries."
(source: https://www.hematology.org/education...kle-cell-trait)

Miserable Detailed Video Explaining Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease:



The United States Birthing Facilities (hosptials) Are Supposed to Check All Newborns For Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease, As Sufferers Of Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease Are Born With It
"All newborns in the United States are now tested for sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait. Sickle cell disease can be identified before birth by testing a sample of amniotic fluid or tissue from the placenta. People who carry the sickle cell gene can seek genetic counseling before pregnancy to discuss options."
(source: https://www.hematology.org/education...kle-cell-trait)



Weaknesses Of Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease In Physical Activity
"Individuals can and do lead active lifestyles. In fact, several professional athletes are carriers of the trait. In recent years, however, there has been heightened attention on cases of athletes with sickle cell trait who have experienced exertion-related illness and, in some cases, sudden death, during or after strenuous athletic training sessions."
(source: https://www.hematology.org/education...kle-cell-trait)



Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease Improvements (not a cure)
Impovements (not a cure):
- Oxygen & Fluids
"But the use of oxygen therapy in sickle cell disease is controversial because high levels of oxygen are known to suppress the formation of new red blood cells. This can worsen the anemia that is seen in these patients. Oxygen therapy is, therefore, only recommended when oxygen levels drop below a critical threshold."
(source: https://sicklecellanemianews.com/oxy...al%20threshold.)

- Hydroxyurea And Chronic Red Blood Cell Transfusions
"Other treatment choices
are the drug hydroxyurea and chronic red blood cell transfusions. These treatments may lessen the
complications of sickle cell disease, but they do not cure the disease."
(source: https://www.stjude.org/content/dam/e...ll-disease.pdf)


The Cure For Sickle Cell Anemia/Disease
- Bone Marrow Transplant
"How Well It Works. If successful, a bone marrow transplant can cure sickle cell disease. This treatment has been successful in about 85 out of 100 children who had transplants. But the risk of dying after a transplant is about 5%."
(source: https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hw254074)

[1 of 3]
"In a person with sickle cell disease, the bone marrow produces red blood cells that contain
hemoglobin S. This leads to the complications of sickle cell disease.
• To prepare for a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant, strong medicines, called chemotherapy,
are used to weaken or destroy the patient’s own bone marrow, stem cells, and infection fi ghting
system.
– This is done so the patient does not reject the new blood cells coming from the donor.
• The patient’s bone marrow then is replaced with blood-forming stem cells from a donor who
does not have sickle cell disease.
– This can be a donor with normal hemoglobin or sickle cell trait.
– The actual transplant is given like a blood transfusion through an IV tube.
3
• The new bone marrow then produces red blood cells that are healthy since they do not contain a
lot of hemoglobin S."

[2 of 3]
"Who can donate stem cells for transplants?
There are 3 main types of stem cell donors:
• Matched related – A brother or sister who has the same bone marrow type and the same mother
and father.
– Brothers and sisters are matched through special blood tests called HLA typing.
• Matched Unrelated – volunteers who have the same bone marrow type as the patient
– Usually these types of donations are matched through national organizations that match
donors and patients who have the same type of bone marrow.
• Haploidentical – half-matched family members (usually a mother or father)
– This type of donation is still considered experimental and should be performed only as part of
a research study.
Stem cells can be obtained from the donor’s bone marrow or peripheral blood (blood in the veins).
Or in some cases, stem cells are collected from the umbilical cord at the time of birth."

[3 of 4]
"Is bone marrow (stem cell) transplant the only
treatment for sickle cell disease?
It is the only cure for sickle cell disease at this time. Results of many studies show that transplants
from matched related donors offer about an 85 percent chance of cure. Other treatment choices
are the drug hydroxyurea and chronic red blood cell transfusions. These treatments may lessen the
complications of sickle cell disease, but they do not cure the disease."

[4 of 4]
"Who can I talk to about a bone marrow (stem cell)
transplant?
At St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, we have experience in treating children with sickle cell
disease with bone marrow (stem cell) transplant. Our doctors and other health care experts can
answer your questions. We encourage families to discuss treatment options and to ask questions to
learn more about the care of their children with sickle cell disease."
(source: https://www.stjude.org/content/dam/e...ll-disease.pdf)


- Gene Therapy
"Sickle cell disease gene therapy clinical trial"
"Started: Feb. 2018"

"How gene therapy for SCD works
All babies in the womb and newborns have a certain version of hemoglobin called fetal hemoglobin. Even babies with sickle cell disease make normal red blood cells because fetal hemoglobin doesn't sickle. But shortly after birth, the body stops making fetal hemoglobin — its production blocked by the expression of the BCL11A gene — and starts making adult hemoglobin. The reason this is critical for sickle-cell patients is that the gene mutation causing the disease is on the adult hemoglobin gene, not the fetal hemoglobin. Gene therapy in sickle cell works by knocking down the expression of the BCL11A gene to flip the switch back to fetal hemoglobin, simultaneously increasing fetal hemoglobin, which does not sickle, and directly reduce sickling hemoglobin.

To perform gene therapy, a patient’s blood stem cells are collected and exposed to a vector containing instructions to knock down BCL11A. The patient then receives chemotherapy in a process called conditioning, likened to plowing a field to make room for new seeds. Finally, the gene-modified cells are given back via intravenous infusion."
(source: https://www.childrenshospital.org/ce...s-we-treat/scd)

The Expensive Cost Of Gene Therapy Cure For Sickle Cell Disease/Anemia
"The gene therapy DeMartino et al studied was a lentiviral-based therapy—betibeglogene autotemcel—which was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2019 for the treatment of β-thalassemia and for which early efficacy has been shown on an ongoing phase I/II trial (HGB-206).

They analyzed the budgetary impact of lentiviral-based therapy on 10 state Medicaid plans over a 5-year horizon time point, using state-level disease prevalence data from 2012, with prevalence, Medicaid enrollment, and expenditures calculated from existing literature.

The cohort was comprised of patients with severe sickle cell disease identified based on modified clinical trial inclusion. In all, an estimated 5,464 Medicaid enrollees (age 13-45 years) were deemed eligible for the therapy, and 2,315 patients were enrolled in the 10 Medicaid programs included in the analysis.

DeMartino and colleagues based this analysis on the assumption that lentiviral-based therapy was to be administered to 7% of the eligible population annually and was curative, thereby incurring no more subsequent disease-related spending. The price of the gene therapy was $1.85 million, and baseline disease-related spending was $42,200 annually.

In modeling based on these parameters, DeMartino et al found that the mean projected 10-year budget impact was $29.96 million per state Medicaid program, at $1.91 per member per month (PMPM). The 5-year annuity payment reduced the impact of this short-term budget, with savings accruing and fewer patients remaining eligible for the treatment. In the 10 states studied, the mean budget impact decreased from $1.91 PMPM during year 1, to $1.27 in year 5. DeMartino and colleagues used costs in Mississippi to illustrate, with costs decreasing from year 1 ($23.8M), to $21.6M in year 2; $19.5M in year 3, $17.6M in year 4, and $15.8M in year 5."

"In the U.S., the cost to cure the 5,464 Medicaid enrollees who have severe SCD and are eligible for lentiviral based gene therapy is approximately $5.5 billion, noted Ozuah, adding “I am too well versed in the harsh realities of health care funding, and Medicaid specifically, to pretend that is not an intimidating number. However, viewed in the light of the decades of neglect and disparities that patients with SCD have experienced in the U.S., it amounts to little more than a down payment for the pain they have endured.”

“I have spent most of 2020 fighting a novel coronavirus whose lethality is amplified by the poverty, unemployment, hunger, substandard public housing, and other social determinants of health that our neighbors in the Bronx have to deal with day in and day out. As a physician and health care leader, I find it maddening to think that people who live within mere blocks of my hospital are made more vulnerable by their physical and social environment,” he wrote.

“Sickle cell disease, caused by a point mutation in DNA, a single amino acid substitution in a single gene, has long been recognized as a good target for gene therapy, including CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)– Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology, the revolutionary genome editing method that recently won its creators the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The irony here is inescapable—some of the most underserved patients in the world are ideal candidates for the most advanced medical treatment yet conceived. We are presented with the opportunity to cure a terrible disease and, perhaps someday, eliminate it altogether. There is a debt to be paid here, and we as a society should welcome the chance to pay it. There are, after all, so many others that will never be paid,” Ozuah concluded."

"1. Gene therapy for sickle cell disease will likely present affordability challenges to several Medicaid plans.

2. For a gene therapy for sickle cell disease, researchers estimated a mean 1-year budget impact of $29.96 million per state Medicaid program, or $1.91 per member per month increase in spending.

Liz Meszaros, Deputy Managing Editor, BreakingMED™

DeMartino and Ozuah reported no conflicts of interest."
(source: https://www.physiciansweekly.com/pos...ons-of-dollars)



Examples Of Sickle Cell Being Treated With Modern Technology
A Jew Tube Video Example:

One Nigger's Sickle Cell Gene Therapy Recovery Story Snippet, Where The Full Story Was Removed:
"He is the first patient to participate in a clinical trial testing a novel gene therapy approach for treating SCD. After needing monthly blood transfusions for 17 years to control his disease, he is now symptom-free."
(source: https://www.childrenshospital.org/ce...s-we-treat/scd)
 
Old June 22nd, 2021 #2
David Stewart
Junior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2021
Posts: 48
Default

 
Old June 22nd, 2021 #3
David Stewart
Junior Member
 
Join Date: Jun 2021
Posts: 48
Default

"SCD affects approximately 100,000 Americans. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births. About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT)."

"Mortality Among Children with Sickle Cell Disease Identified by Newborn Screening During 1990-1994 — California, Illinois, and New York:
Among the children with Hb SS disease, 1% died as a result of SCD-related causes during the first 3 years of life.
In California and Illinois, by the end of 1995, the cumulative mortality rate was 1.5 per 100 Black or African-American children with SCD. The equivalent cumulative mortality rate for all Black or African-American infants born during this period in California and Illinois was 2.0 per 100 Black or African-American newborns."
(source: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecel...20trait%20(SCT).)

Look how many niggers have it compared to other races in the "Real Stories" section of this government website:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/stories.html
 
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africans, disease, sickle cell, sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease

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