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August 18th, 2008 | #1 |
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The Genetic Map of Europe: strong differences between Northern and Southern Europeans
Biologists have constructed a genetic map of Europe showing the degree of relatedness between its various populations.
All the populations are quite similar, but the differences are sufficient that it should be possible to devise a forensic test to tell which country in Europe an individual probably comes from [but but but...race does not exist!], said Manfred Kayser, a geneticist at the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/sc...nt&oref=slogin |
August 19th, 2008 | #2 |
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The Genetic Map of Europe (go to site to see maps). Biologists have constructed a genetic map of Europe showing the degree of relatedness between its various populations. By NICHOLAS WADE Published: August 13, 2008 > All the populations are quite similar, but the differences are sufficient that it should be possible to devise a forensic test to tell which country in Europe an individual probably comes from, said Manfred Kayser, a geneticist at the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands. The map shows, at right, the location in Europe where each of the sampled populations live and, at left, the genetic relationship between these 23 populations. The map was constructed by Dr. Kayser, Dr. Oscar Lao and others, and appears in an article in Current Biology published on line on August 7. The genetic map of Europe bears a clear structural similarity to the geographic map. The major genetic differences are between populations of the north and south (the vertical axis of the map shows north-south differences, the horizontal axis those of east- west). The area assigned to each population reflects the amount of genetic variation in it. Europe has been colonized three times in the distant past, always from the south. Some 45,000 years ago the first modern humans entered Europe from the south. The glaciers returned around 20,000 years ago and the second colonization occurred about 17,000 years ago by people returning from southern refuges. The third invasion was that of farmers bringing the new agricultural technology from the Near East around 10,000 years ago. The pattern of genetic differences among present day Europeans probably reflects the impact of these three ancient migrations, Dr. Kayser said. The map also identifies the existence of two genetic barriers within Europe. One is between the Finns (light blue, upper right) and other Europeans. It arose because the Finnish population was at one time very small and then expanded, bearing the atypical genetics of its few founders. The other is between Italians (yellow, bottom center) and the rest. This may reflect the role of the Alps in impeding free flow of people between Italy and the rest of Europe. Data for the map were generated by gene chips programmed to test and analyze 500,000 sites of common variation on the human genome, although only the 300,000 most reliable sites were used for the map. Dr. Kayser's team tested almost 2,500 people and analyzed the data by correlating the genetic variations in all the subjects. The genetic map is based on the two strongest of these sets of correlations. The gene chips require large amounts of DNA, more than is available in most forensic samples. Dr. Kayser hopes to identify the sites on the human genome which are most diagnostic for European origin. These sites, if reasonably few in number, could be tested for in hair and blood samples, Dr. Kayser said. Genomic sites that carry the strongest signal of variation among populations may be those influenced by evolutionary change, Dr. Kayser said. Of the 100 strongest sites, 17 are found in the region of the genome that confers lactose tolerance, an adaptation that arose among a cattle herding culture in northern Europe some 5,000 years ago. Most people switch off the lactose digesting gene after weaning, but the cattle herders evidently gained a great survival advantage by keeping the gene switched on through adulthood. |
September 3rd, 2008 | #3 | |
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Human geography is mapped in the genes
Human geography is mapped in the genes
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September 27th, 2009 | #5 | |
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If you look at other Uralic groups like Nenets and Khanty, this hypothesis looks even stronger. In addition, the so-called "Asiatic" traits of Russians probably stem instead from some historical mixing with Uralic peoples. |
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September 27th, 2009 | #6 |
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Uralic groups all show that they are partially Caucasian, it's likely Finns that mixed with them in ancient times not vice versa. At any rate their population isn't significant enough to describe the difference, my explanation is just that Finns were in Europe before everyone else, that's what I think. You'll notice that there is no N haplotype in any Asian countries, this is likely because N is Caucasian, I really don't believe that Finns are Asian even though they tend to act odd. If N was an Asian group then it wouldn't make sense for the vast majority of Finns to be blond while the vast majority of them were all part Asian. Also it has been determined that the most ancient strain of N is in Finland not vice versa.
Last edited by psychologicalshock; September 27th, 2009 at 10:46 PM. |
October 4th, 2009 | #7 | |
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Known in Judeo-Christianity as the "Protestants" and the "Catholics". |
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October 4th, 2009 | #8 |
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golly gee
Wow, I missed this thread back in 2008 ...a 'scientific' study that tells us all Euros are basically family ...I never would have thought
You guys never cease to amaze me. |
January 10th, 2010 | #9 |
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Some interesting papers about Autosomal DNA testing found on DNA Tribes.
Genetic Affiliations of Individuals within World Regions http://www.dnatribes.com/sample-resu...affinities.pdf Genetic Relationships in Southern Europe http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-03-28.pdf Genetic Evidence of Indo-Europeans and Substrates in the West http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-07-29.pdf Genetic Evidence of Indo-Europeans and Substrates in the West (Part Two) http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-08-29.pdf Who are the Americans? http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2008-08-29.pdf Genetic Relationships in Northern Europe http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2008-11-28.pdf Patterns of Gene Flow through the Inland Silk Routes http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2008-12-26.pdf Patterns of Gene Flow through the Coastal Silk Routes http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-01-31.pdf Genetic Relationships in Africa http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-02-28.pdf Genetic Relationships along the Pacific Rim of Asia http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-04-30.pdf Genetic Relationships among South American Indians http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-05-30.pdf Genetic Relationships in Mesoamerica http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-06-27.pdf Generals of the Steppes: Basic Genetic Contributions in Tungusic, Mongolic, and Turkic Populations http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2009-12-29.pdf Siberia: Basic Genetic Contributions in the European and Siberian Taiga http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-11-30.pdf Sages and Outlaws: Basic Genetic Contributions near the Hindu Kush http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2009-10-31.pdf |
May 31st, 2011 | #10 |
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Georgia and the Caucasus Mountain http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-10-28.pdf Kurgan Riddles: The Thracian Sub-Region of Europe http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-05-31.pdf Two Magyars: Genetic Contributions to Hungary and Székely http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-06-30.pdf A Closer Look at the Celtic Sub-Region of Europe http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-08-31.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for September 30, 2010: Gallia Belgica: The Belgic Sub-Region of Europe http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-09-30.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for November 30, 2010: An Updated Analysis of the Italian Sub-Region http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-11-30.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for December 31, 2010: An Updated Analysis of the Portuguese Sub-Region http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2010-12-31.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for January 31, 2011: An Updated Analysis of the Balkan Sub-Region http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2011-01-31.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for March 31, 2011: An Updated Analysis of the Germanic Sub-Region http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2011-03-31.pdf DNA Tribes Digest for April 29, 2011: An Updated Analysis of the Greek Sub-Region http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-d...2011-04-29.pdf
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June 1st, 2011 | #11 |
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Using a computer to visualise change in biological organisms In his pioneering work On Growth and Form published in 1917, the biologist D'Arcy Thompson (1860 - 1948) laid the foundations of what is now called bio-mathematics. Here is a picture of D'Arcy Thompson. You can see more about him in our History of Mathematics archive. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~...res/darcy6.gif |
March 17th, 2013 | #12 |
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It is interesting that this thread is pinned to the top of the forum section.
In most "pro-white" boards, there'd be an attempt to cover it up, call it "infighting," etc. I'll just say that I 100% agree. All the evidence I see separates Northern Europeans from Southern Europeans. Furthermore, Southern Europeans are intermediates between Northern Europeans and Middle Easterners - mixed with Middle Eastern Blood that is more recent than the Neolithic. Being a Mix of European and Middle Eastern, Southern Europeans are actually similar to Jews (minus the Khazar component). To me it is still "White," but it is a genetic difference worth noting. In my opinion everyone EVENTUALLY descends from the middle east, but Southern Europeans have RECENT Middle Eastern origins. I can think of two message forum that would want to hide this. I won't name any names, but you can take a guess. |
March 22nd, 2013 | #13 |
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Seldin et al,'s European Population Substructure: Clustering of Northern and Southern Populations:
"Using a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, we observed population structure in a diverse group of Europeans and European Americans. Under a variety of conditions and tests, there is a consistent and reproducible distinction between “northern” and “southern” European population groups: most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Greek) have >85% membership in the “southern” population; and most northern, western, eastern, and central Europeans have >90% in the “northern” population group. Ashkenazi Jewish as well as Sephardic Jewish origin also showed >85% membership in the “southern” population, consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups. Based on this work, we have developed a core set of informative SNP markers that can control for this partition in European population structure in a variety of clinical and genetic studies." |
April 3rd, 2014 | #14 |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases...0402100056.htm
Europeans have three times more Neanderthal genes for lipid catabolism than Asians or Africans Date: April 2, 2014 Source: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Summary: Contemporary Europeans have as many as three times more Neanderthal variants in genes involved in lipid catabolism than Asians and Africans. Although Neanderthals are extinct, fragments of their genomes persist in modern humans. These shared regions are unevenly distributed across the genome and some regions are particularly enriched with Neanderthal variants. |
August 23rd, 2014 | #15 |
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Yes the Neolithic invasions brought Middle Eastern Genes into europe, and darkened the south of europe where most of the genetic influence occurred. This is also how the Aryan languages entered Europe from their original location in Iran, which is demonstrated by the Anatolian Hypothesis, but it is one country away from being right. The pre neolithic foragers are more closely related to northern europeans, who are whiter than the south europeans. This is also demonstrated by the fact that the northern europeans have a lot of skin pigment mutations on genes such as Herc2, Slc45A2, TYRP1, and MC1R, which show a decreasing cline from north to the south of europe...although south of europe still has these genes in their blood at moderate to high rates, so they are still white.
The real question for whites must be: how much influence did the Neolithic invasions have on europe's gene pool? These farmers were Iranians, based on the latest genetic research although the scientists simply call it Near Eastern. They had very ancient haplogroups such as F and G, and brought those haplogroups to places as far as Germany during the LBK, although those genes are not found in Germans today (these are discovered from the remains of the Neolithic Farmers). I doubt much, since Europe is too white for their genome to be traced back to these invaders, obviously...it is the white continent. Most likely the influence is about 20 percent, which is what many geneticists say, although there is a school of thought that wants to push it to 3/4 of the genes of europe can be traced back to these Neolithic invaders. |
April 3rd, 2015 | #16 |
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How Europeans evolved white skin
By Ann Gibbons 2 April 2015 103 Comments ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI—Most of us think of Europe as the ancestral home of white people. But a new study shows that pale skin, as well as other traits such as tallness and the ability to digest milk as adults, arrived in most of the continent relatively recently. The work, presented here last week at the 84th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, offers dramatic evidence of recent evolution in Europe and shows that most modern Europeans don’t look much like those of 8000 years ago. The origins of Europeans have come into sharp focus in the past year as researchers have sequenced the genomes of ancient populations, rather than only a few individuals. By comparing key parts of the DNA across the genomes of 83 ancient individuals from archaeological sites throughout Europe, the international team of researchers reported earlier this year that Europeans today are a mix of the blending of at least three ancient populations of hunter-gatherers and farmers who moved into Europe in separate migrations over the past 8000 years. The study revealed that a massive migration of Yamnaya herders from the steppes north of the Black Sea may have brought Indo-European languages to Europe about 4500 years ago. Now, a new study from the same team drills down further into that remarkable data to search for genes that were under strong natural selection—including traits so favorable that they spread rapidly throughout Europe in the past 8000 years. By comparing the ancient European genomes with those of recent ones from the 1000 Genomes Project, population geneticist Iain Mathieson, a postdoc in the Harvard University lab of population geneticist David Reich, found five genes associated with changes in diet and skin pigmentation that underwent strong natural selection. First, the scientists confirmed an earlier report that the hunter-gatherers in Europe could not digest the sugars in milk 8000 years ago, according to a poster. They also noted an interesting twist: The first farmers also couldn’t digest milk. The farmers who came from the Near East about 7800 years ago and the Yamnaya pastoralists who came from the steppes 4800 years ago lacked the version of the LCT gene that allows adults to digest sugars in milk. It wasn’t until about 4300 years ago that lactose tolerance swept through Europe. When it comes to skin color, the team found a patchwork of evolution in different places, and three separate genes that produce light skin, telling a complex story for how European’s skin evolved to be much lighter during the past 8000 years. The modern humans who came out of Africa to originally settle Europe about 40,000 years are presumed to have had dark skin, which is advantageous in sunny latitudes. And the new data confirm that about 8500 years ago, early hunter-gatherers in Spain, Luxembourg, and Hungary also had darker skin: They lacked versions of two genes—SLC24A5 and SLC45A2—that lead to depigmentation and, therefore, pale skin in Europeans today. But in the far north—where low light levels would favor pale skin—the team found a different picture in hunter-gatherers: Seven people from the 7700-year-old Motala archaeological site in southern Sweden had both light skin gene variants, SLC24A5 and SLC45A2. They also had a third gene, HERC2/OCA2, which causes blue eyes and may also contribute to light skin and blond hair. Thus ancient hunter-gatherers of the far north were already pale and blue-eyed, but those of central and southern Europe had darker skin. Then, the first farmers from the Near East arrived in Europe; they carried both genes for light skin. As they interbred with the indigenous hunter-gatherers, one of their light-skin genes swept through Europe, so that central and southern Europeans also began to have lighter skin. The other gene variant, SLC45A2, was at low levels until about 5800 years ago when it swept up to high frequency. The team also tracked complex traits, such as height, which are the result of the interaction of many genes. They found that selection strongly favored several gene variants for tallness in northern and central Europeans, starting 8000 years ago, with a boost coming from the Yamnaya migration, starting 4800 years ago. The Yamnaya have the greatest genetic potential for being tall of any of the populations, which is consistent with measurements of their ancient skeletons. In contrast, selection favored shorter people in Italy and Spain starting 8000 years ago, according to the paper now posted on the bioRxiv preprint server. Spaniards, in particular, shrank in stature 6000 years ago, perhaps as a result of adapting to colder temperatures and a poor diet. Surprisingly, the team found no immune genes under intense selection, which is counter to hypotheses that diseases would have increased after the development of agriculture. The paper doesn’t specify why these genes might have been under such strong selection. But the likely explanation for the pigmentation genes is to maximize vitamin D synthesis, said paleoanthropologist Nina Jablonski of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), University Park, as she looked at the poster’s results at the meeting. People living in northern latitudes often don’t get enough UV to synthesize vitamin D in their skin so natural selection has favored two genetic solutions to that problem—evolving pale skin that absorbs UV more efficiently or favoring lactose tolerance to be able to digest the sugars and vitamin D naturally found in milk. “What we thought was a fairly simple picture of the emergence of depigmented skin in Europe is an exciting patchwork of selection as populations disperse into northern latitudes,” Jablonski says. “This data is fun because it shows how much recent evolution has taken place.” Anthropological geneticist George Perry, also of Penn State, notes that the work reveals how an individual’s genetic potential is shaped by their diet and adaptation to their habitat. “We’re getting a much more detailed picture now of how selection works.” http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeolo...ved-white-skin |
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