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Old August 31st, 2011 #21
Pete Stef
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You can also simply read the book by going to this page, looking in the upper left corner, and picking a format. The download is free.
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Old September 20th, 2011 #23
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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Renal Transplantation: BIOLOGIC FACTORS

HLA matching is a well-described factor that contributes to racial and ethnic disparities in kidney transplantation. HLA matching is the primary determinant of kidney allocation. Significant racial differences in antigen expression exist with blacks having less well-defined HLA antigenic specificities than do whites—especially at the DR locus. Hence, the distribution of HLA antigens differs among races. The closer the HLA antigen match, the more likely the kidney will not be allocated to a minority, because the majority of donated kidneys are from whites. A predominantly white donor pool favors white recipients and places minorities at a disadvantage. With such emphasis on HLA matching, the distribution of cadaveric kidneys does not favor interracial transplantation. In fact, United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) data demonstrate that blacks receive six antigen-matched kidneys at only 10% the rate of whites.

There are known racial differences in the distribution of ABO blood type as well. Blacks have a higher prevalence of blood type О than whites. Given the necessity for blood-type compatibility, the UNOS requirements for ABO identity between donor and recipient, patients with blood type О have a lower rate of kidney transplantation than patients with other blood types.
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Minority transplant candidates are also more likely than their white counterparts to have significant antimajor-histocompatibility (MHC) reactivity, which prohibits transplantation from some donors. Thus, the MHC-, HLA- and ABO-matching requirements put minorities pursuing a kidney transplant at a significant disadvantage.

http://www.hiv-infected.com/2009/10/...c-factors.html
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Old September 20th, 2011 #24
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Marrow donors elusive for multiracial patients

HAYWARD, Calif. — If Nick Glasgow were white, he would have a nearly 90 percent chance of finding a matching bone marrow donor who could cure his leukemia.

But because the 28-year-old bodybuilder is one-quarter Japanese, his doctor warned him the outlook was grim. Glasgow's background would make it almost impossible to find a match, which usually comes from a patient's own ethnic group.

The doctor "didn't say it was slim-to-none. He didn't say it would be hard. He said 'zero chance,'" Glasgow's mother, Carole Wiegand, recalled with tears in her eyes. "When Nick heard that, it sent him plummeting."

At a time when the number of multiracial Americans is rising, only a tiny fraction of donors on the national bone-marrow registry are of mixed race. The National Marrow Donor Program is trying to change that by seeking more diverse donors for patients suffering from leukemia, lymphoma and other blood diseases.

"The truth is, when people of different backgrounds marry and produce offspring, it creates more types that are harder to match," said Michelle Setterholm, the program's director of scientific services. "The probability just gets lower when you have people of mixed ancestral DNA."

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30966859/
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Old September 20th, 2011 #25
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So race isn't a social construct anymore?

It is alright to promote race-mixing in mainstream media because it improves our genes and makes us stronger, perfect and more attractive.

Isn't that also called Eugenics?

Nazis anyone?

In the other day i saw a medicine doctor cheering in TV because someone had a genetic disease which was almost exclusive to Africans.

In his twisted mind having a disease rare in Europe was a positive thing because it means we are mixing our genes.


The health consequences of race mixing

http://www.unc.edu/news/archives/oct...y10302003.html

http://majorityrights.com/index.php/...f_race_mixing/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448064/


I think it is a downgrade to our race and to our nations to mix with the other races.

http://abagond.wordpress.com/2011/03...ican-iq-is-70/


Mixed race people like the african-americans and latin-americans have on average lower IQ's (around 85) than European-Americans (around 100).

http://sq.4mg.com/NationIQ.htm

http://www.news-medical.net/news/2005/04/26/9530.aspx
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Last edited by RickHolland; September 20th, 2011 at 11:33 PM.
 
Old September 21st, 2011 #26
Rae Kiley
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It's willful ignorance Rick. I posted those links on another forum. Of course they poo poo'd it. I don't think they actually opened the links. And they called me a racist.

I give up on about half of the idiots out there. Really.
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Old September 21st, 2011 #27
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Quote:
Originally Posted by Rae Kiley View Post
It's willful ignorance Rick. I posted those links on another forum. Of course they poo poo'd it. I don't think they actually opened the links. And they called me a racist.

I give up on about half of the idiots out there. Really.
People that are severely brainwashed feel pain when they see this kind of posts. It is a knee jerk reaction.

Anyway not all forums are suited for this kind of discussions.

Politics, science, anthropology, racial reality, ethnic preservation, right-wing, free-speech ...

The humanists/democrats/leftits/multiculturalists/liberals/christians/Jews/Non-Whites/Globalists/Neo-cons will always call you a racist, fascist, etc ... but they are our enemies it is expectable they do that.

You need to be smarter than them.

They will attack you personally to make you break the rules and get banned.

But if you keep making threads exposing them and not respond to the troll provocations they will eventually quit, and you will conquer some supporters even awake some whites at least those that don't have communist or egalitarian tendencies.
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Old September 21st, 2011 #28
Rae Kiley
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Quote:
Originally Posted by RickHolland View Post
People that are severely brainwashed feel pain when they see this kind of posts. It is a knee jerk reaction.

Anyway not all forums are suited for this kind of discussions.

Politics, science, anthropology, racial reality, ethnic preservation, right-wing, free-speech ...

The humanists/democrats/leftits/multiculturalists/liberals/christians/Jews/Non-Whites/Globalists/Neo-cons will always call you a racist, fascist, etc ... but they are our enemies it is expectable they do that.

You need to be smarter than them.

They will attack you personally to make you break the rules and get banned.

But if you keep making threads exposing them and not respond to the troll provocations they will eventually quit, and you will conquer some supporters even awake some whites at least those that don't have communist or egalitarian tendencies.
I think that I managed to get a few to at least ponder this anyway. But of course they're more upset about the social implications these studies have rather than looking at it from a rational scientific point of view.

I asked them if it was right to try and keep this silent rather than let it get out there and let the masses make a rational choice about race mixing.

So far..........**crickets**
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Old October 15th, 2011 #29
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Default 12 % of the DNA Differs Amongst Human Races and Populations

The Human Genome Project found all humans to have a 99.9 % similar genetic content and identity, but this is challenged by a new more detailed research suggesting a higher genetic diversity, with further medical and evolutionary implications.

Previous studies focused on analyzing polymorphism (variation) in DNA nucleotidic bases. But the new approach tackled deletions or duplications of code among relatively long sequences of individual DNA and then compared the so-called copy number variations (CNVs) across individuals from different human breeds. This method uncovered a complex, higher-order variation in the code and better explains why some populations or races are vulnerable to certain diseases and respond well to specific drugs, while counterparts swiftly fall sick or never respond to treatment.


Two technical
breakthroughs, a faster, accurate sequencing of DNA and a powerful software programme to spot the CNVs allowed the new approach. 1,447 CNVs were located in roughly 2,900 genes, which means around 12 % of the human DNA. "Each one of us has a unique pattern of gains and losses of complete sections of DNA," said Matthew Hurles from Britain's Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "One of the real surprises of these results was just how much of our DNA varies in copy number. We estimate this to be at least 12 % of the genome."

"The copy number variation that researchers had seen before was simply the tip of the iceberg, while the bulk lay submerged, undetected. We now appreciate the immense contribution of this phenomenon to genetic differences between individuals."

Some missing or duplicated DNA fragments are very large, thus CNVs might have a big impact on gene expression. About 16 % of genes related to disease have been found to possess CNVs, like those involved in the rare DiGeorge, Williams-Beuren and Prader-Willi syndromes or more common schizophrenia, cataracts, spinal muscular atrophy and atherosclerosis. But kidney disease, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and vulnerability to malaria and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which recent research has blamed on single-letter variations in the gene code, are also suspected for CNVs. "The stage is set for global studies to explore anew... the clinical significance of human variation," said Huntington Willard at Duke University in North Carolina.

The new data also shows that our species is so recent that the vast majority of CNVs, around 89 %, was found to be shared among the 269 people belonging to Mongoloid Race (Japanese and Chinese), African Negroid (Yoruba Nigerians) and Caucasoid (of Northern and Western European ancestry). But there are also widespread specific differences in CNVs according to the race and even inside the same race according to population (geographical origin). This means that over 200,000 years or so, natural selection favored subtle variants allowing different humans populations to adapt to their different environments, with specific climate, pathogens, and food resources.

http://news.softpedia.com/news/12-of...ns-40872.shtml


DNA Varies More Widely From Person to Person, Genetic Maps Reveal

The genetic makeup of the human race is much more varied than previously believed, new research shows.

Scientists say that surprisingly many large chunks of human DNA differ among individuals and ethnic groups.

The research also suggests that humans have less DNA in common with chimpanzees, our closest living relative, than is widely supposed.

The new findings, based on several studies, will have dramatic implications for research into deadly diseases, the researchers add.

In the lead study, reported tomorrow in the journal Nature, scientists created the first map of the human genome that shows that large segments of DNA are missing or duplicated between normal, healthy people.

Known as copy number variants (CNVs), some of these altered DNA sequences can be responsible for increased susceptibility to cancers and many other diseases, the study team says.

"Astonishing" Results

The new map provides a much clearer picture of human genetic variation, says geneticist and co-researcher Charles Lee of the Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts.

"This evidence is showing that we are more genetically unique from one another—we all have individualized genomes," he said.

The team analyzed the DNA of 270 people with ancestry in Europe, Africa, and Asia. (Get an overview of human genetics.)

More than 1,400 CNVs were detected, covering 12 percent of the human genome—the complete set of chromosomes, present in almost every human cell, that contains a person's genetic code.

Until now only relatively small amounts of genetic difference between people had been identified.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/n...-genetics.html


Humans show big DNA differences


This analysis of so-called copy number variation (CNV) has now revealed some startling results.

It would seem the assumption that the DNA of any two humans is 99.9% similar in content and identity no longer holds.

The researchers were astonished to locate 1,447 CNVs in nearly 2,900 genes, the starting "templates" written in the DNA that are used by cells to make the proteins which drive our bodies.

This is a huge, hitherto unrecognised, level of variation between one individual and the next.

"Each one of us has a unique pattern of gains and losses of complete sections of DNA," said Matthew Hurles, of the UK's Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

"One of the real surprises of these results was just how much of our DNA varies in copy number. We estimate this to be at least 12% of the genome.

"The copy number variation that researchers had seen before was simply the tip of the iceberg, while the bulk lay submerged, undetected. We now appreciate the immense contribution of this phenomenon to genetic differences between individuals."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6174510.stm
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Old December 9th, 2011 #30
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It is now recognized that despite the high degree of genetic similarities that bind humanity together as a species, considerable diversity exists at both individual and group levels.

Biological egalitarianism is the view that no or almost no meaningful genetically based biological differences exist among human groups …..We believe that this position, although well intentioned, is illogical and even dangerous…We also think that biological egalitarianism may not remain viable in light of the growing body of empirical data.

http://racialreality.blogspot.com/20...ce-denial.html

Quote:
Bruce Lahn and Lanny Ebenstein Nature, 8 October 2009

Science is finding evidence of genetic diversity among groups of people as well as among individuals. This discovery should be embraced, not feared, say Bruce T. Lahn and Lanny Ebenstein.

A growing body of data is revealing the nature of human genetic diversity at increasingly finer resolution. It is now recognized that despite the high degree of genetic similarities that bind humanity together as a species, considerable diversity exists at both individual and group levels (see box, page 728). The biological significance of these variations remains to be explored fully. But enough evidence has come to the fore to warrant the question: what if scientific data ultimately demonstrate that genetically based biological variation exists at non-trivial levels not only among individuals but also among groups? In our view, the scientific community and society at large are ill-prepared for such a possibility. We need a moral response to this question that is robust irrespective of what research uncovers about human diversity. Here, we argue for the moral position that genetic diversity, from within or among groups, should be embraced and celebrated as one of humanity’s chief assets.

The current moral position is a sort of ‘biological egalitarianism’. This dominant position emerged in recent decades largely to correct grave historical injustices, including genocide, that were committed with the support of pseudoscientific understandings of group diversity. The racial-hygiene theory promoted by German geneticists Fritz Lenz, Eugene Fischer and others during the Nazi era is one notorious example of such pseudoscience. Biological egalitarianism is the view that no or almost no meaningful genetically based biological differences exist among human groups, with the exception of a few superficial traits such as skin colour. Proponents of this view seem to hope that, by promoting biological sameness, discrimination against groups or individuals will become groundless.

We believe that this position, although well intentioned, is illogical and even dangerous, as it implies that if significant group diversity were established, discrimination might thereby be justified. We reject this position. Equality of opportunity and respect for human dignity should be humankind’s common aspirations, notwithstanding human differences no matter how big or small. We also think that biological egalitarianism may not remain viable in light of the growing body of empirical data.

Many people may acknowledge the possibility of genetic diversity at the group level, but see it as a threat to social cohesion. Some scholars have even called for a halt to research into the topic or sensitive aspects of it, because of potential misuse of the information. Others will ask: if information on group diversity can be misused, why not just focus on individual differences and ignore any group variation? We strongly affirm that society must guard vigilantly against any misuse of genetic information, but we also believe that the best defence is to take a positive attitude towards diversity, including that at the group level. We argue for our position from two perspectives: first, that the understanding of group diversity can benefit research and medicine, and second, that human genetic diversity as a whole, including group diversity, greatly enriches our species.

Emerging understanding of human genetic diversity

Genetic diversity is the differences in DNA sequence among members of a species. It is present in all species owing to the interplay of mutation, genetic drift, selection and population structure. When a species is reproductively isolated into multiple groups by geography or other means, the groups differentiate over time in their average genetic make-up.

Anatomically modern humans first appeared in eastern Africa about 200,000 years ago. Some members migrated out of Africa by 50,000 years ago to populate Asia, Australia, Europe and eventually the Americas. During this period, geographic barriers separated humanity into several major groups, largely along continental lines, which greatly reduced gene flow among them. Geographic and cultural barriers also existed within major groups, although to lesser degrees.

This history of human demography, along with selection, has resulted in complex patterns of genetic diversity. The basic unit of this diversity is polymorphisms — specific sites in the genome that exist in multiple variant forms (or alleles). Many polymorphisms involve just one or a few nucleotides, but some may involve large segments of genetic material. The presence of polymorphisms leads to genetic diversity at the individual level such that no two people’s DNA is the same, except identical twins. The alleles of some polymorphisms are also found in significantly different frequencies among geographic groups. An extreme example is the pigmentation gene SLC24A5. An allele of SLC24A5 that contributes to light pigmentation is present in almost all Europeans but is nearly absent in east Asians and Africans.

Given these geographically differentiated polymorphisms, it is possible to group humans on the basis of their genetic make-up. Such grouping largely confirms historical separation of global populations by geography. Indeed, a person’s major geographic group identity can be assigned with near certaintly on the basis of his or her DNA alone (now an accepted practice in forensics). There is growing evidence that some of the geographically differentiated polymorphisms are functional, meaning that they can lead to different biological outcomes (just how many is the subject of ongoing research). These polymorphisms can affect traits such as pigmentation, dietary adaptation and pathogen resistance (where evidence is rather convincing), and metabolism, physical development and brain biology (where evidence is more preliminary).

For most biological traits, genetically based differentiation among groups is probably negligible compared with the variation within the group. For other traits, such as pigmentation and lactose intolerance, differences among groups are so substantial that the trait displays an inter-group difference that is non-trivial compared with the variance within groups, and the extreme end of a trait may be significantly over-represented in a group.

Several studies have shown that many genes in the human genome may have undergone recent episodes of positive selection — that is, selection for advantageous biological traits. This is contrary to the position advocated by some scholars that humans effectively stopped evolving 50,000–40,000 years ago. In general, positive selection can increase the prevalence of functional polymorphisms and create geographic differentiation of allele frequencies.
Access : Let's celebrate human genetic diversity : Nature


So, non-Africans are definitely part Neanderthal

The Leipzig group’s interbreeding theory would undercut the present belief that all human populations today draw from the same gene pool that existed a mere 50,000 years ago. “What we falsify here is the strong out-of-Africa hypothesis that everyone comes from the same population,” Dr. Paabo said.

In his and Dr. Reich’s view, Neanderthals interbred only with non-Africans, the people who left Africa, which would mean that non-Africans drew from a second gene pool not available to Africans.


http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/sc...1&pagewanted=1

So, non-Africans are definitely part Neanderthal



Chinese researcher discovers that Human Races are Real through Gene Sequencing


http://www.eutimes.net/2010/06/chine...ne-sequencing/
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Last edited by RickHolland; December 9th, 2011 at 01:24 PM.
 
Old June 8th, 2014 #31
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Default Non-White Lactose Intolerance

Quote:
Thirty to 50 million Americans (adults and children) are lactose intolerant. The disorder affects some populations more than others:

Seventy-five percent of all African-American, Jewish, Mexican-American, and Native American adults are lactose intolerant.

Ninety percent of Asian-American adults are lactose intolerant.

Lactose intolerance is least common among people with a northern European heritage.
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healt...nce_85,P00388/

Lactose_intolerance Lactose_intolerance

Quote:
In his article Milk Allergy and Lactose Intolerance (May 2002), Dr Steinman gives the following figures for lactose intolerance for children over 5 years old: "90-95% of black individuals and 20-25% of white individuals throughout the world". In fact, the picture is much more complicated. Many Asian populations, especially people from Far East, have rates of lactase deficiency approaching 100%. Additionally, there are a few groups in Africa, such as the Fulani, who have relatively low rates of lactose intolerance (around 20-25 percent). Conversely, some European populations like the Swedes are almost completely lactose tolerant (apx. 4% deficiency). Given that most of the world does not fall neatly into 'black' or 'white' categories, such variation is important. In fact, the world average for lactose intolerance is probably much closer to the 90-95% range given for 'blacks.' Therefore, we were very surprised to see this condition described as a "disease". Elsewhere we have seen it described as a "disorder". Why should this be when most adults in the world are lactose intolerant, clearly making this the normal adult condition? The perception of lactose intolerance as a health problem is a rather narrow Western view. We imply no offence to Dr Steinman, as this perspective is widely held, and in general misconceptions about the healthy associations of whole dairy milk are widespread and probably have a lot to do with marketing and advertising campaigns.

As the figures show, whole cow's milk is definitely not for everyone, at least not unless the milk is soured or fermented, as explained by Dr Steinman. Human infants, like other mammals, receive nourishment from mother's milk. Infants have an enzyme that allows milk sugar - lactose - to be digested. In most human populations, the manufacture of the lactase enzyme is "turned off" by around four years of age. The same is true of other mammals, which become lactose intolerant following weaning. The really interesting question, then, is why are some humans not lactose intolerant? And why are relatively few 'white' people - aka. of Western European origin - lactose intolerant?

The answer lies somewhere in the past. Human beings only began to cultivate domestic grains and keep domestic animals relatively recently. Sheep and then cattle were first domesticated just over 10 000 years ago, in the Near East where the wild progenitors of these animals lived. Grains like wheat and barley were also domesticated at around this time. All of this took place through selective breeding - and consequent genetic manipulation - with humans in control. It brought about a quantum change in the way that people lived - they settled down, cultivated most of their food and populations began to grow. Not all of the change was for the better, as amongst other new problems humans also began to inherit diseases from their animals and from close proximity to large numbers of people (like TB and other infectious diseases - but that is another story!). The new way of life spread, along with the cattle, sheep and grains, reaching Western Europe a few millennia later.

It was here in Western Europe that some populations began an evolutionary transition to lactose tolerance. This meant that in certain individuals, as a result of genetic change the enzyme allowing the digestion of milk sugar continued to be produced throughout adult life. So these individuals no longer lost their childhood lactose tolerance but carried it into adulthood.
http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/i...ne/lactose.htm


How did milk help found Western civilization?


Quote:

Two hundred thousand years later, around 10,000 B.C., this began to change. A genetic mutation appeared, somewhere near modern-day Turkey, that jammed the lactase-production gene permanently in the “on” position. The original mutant was probably a male who passed the gene on to his children. People carrying the mutation could drink milk their entire lives. Genomic analyses have shown that within a few thousand years, at a rate that evolutionary biologists had thought impossibly rapid, this mutation spread throughout Eurasia, to Great Britain, Scandinavia, the Mediterranean, India and all points in between, stopping only at the Himalayas. Independently, other mutations for lactose tolerance arose in Africa and the Middle East, though not in the Americas, Australia, or the Far East.

In an evolutionary eye-blink, 80 percent of Europeans became milk-drinkers; in some populations, the proportion is close to 100 percent. (Though globally, lactose intolerance is the norm; around two-thirds of humans cannot drink milk in adulthood.) The speed of this transformation is one of the weirder mysteries in the story of human evolution, more so because it's not clear why anybody needed the mutation to begin with. Through their cleverness, our lactose-intolerant forebears had already found a way to consume dairy without getting sick, irrespective of genetics.
http://www.slate.com/articles/health...king_milk.html
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